Critical evaluation of financial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Basic assessment of monetary markets - Essay Example As expressed by Bolbol and Omran (2003) in their paper on financial exchange rise in Arab nations, an adjustment in the innovation and yield blend of the indigenous ventures will require the securities exchanges to allot the assets to the enterprises all the more proficiently. This is on the grounds that financial exchange exercises give a successful method to check the presentation of the new firms in case of any supposition difference in the way it is overseen. At present in the Arab nations there are stock trades in Egypt, Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Lebanon, Tunisia, Sudan, Dubai, Bahrain Abu Dhabi, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Among these nations it is said that the Arab financial exchanges are ruled by five nations as far as dynamic and enormous markets-Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Tunisia. On 3 June 2006 a goals was passed in Libya which made ready for the formation of the Libyan financial exchange, set up as â€Å"Syarika Musahima† with capital quali ty of LD20 million split into 2 million portions of 10LD per share. The central station according to Article 2 of the goals was chosen to be Tripoli with principle branch to be set up in Benghazi. Levine and Zervos (1996) utilized a dataset of 47 countries for the period 1976 to 1993 to feature that the financial exchange liquidity is a significant indicator of genuine per capita net GDP development, physical development in capital and development rate in efficiency. This features the significance of the foundation of Libyan Stock Market for the experts in Libya1 The financial framework in the nation involves four significant banks which are either completely possessed or in greater part responsibility for Libyan Central Bank. This rundown of banks incorporates Wahda bank, Jamahiriya Bank, Umma Bank, Sahara Bank and National Commercial Bank. These banks involve about 90 percent of the benefits identified with the Libyan financial part. Every one of these banks have capital quality o f least 100 million Libyan Dinars with the two of these banks very nearly privatization. The account accessibility in the nearby market is parsimonious. The Libyan banks give set number of monetary items, credits are conceded dependent on close to home affinity and the supervisors of the open banks don't appear to have any motivating forces in portfolio development. Shortage of financing is a significant obstacle in neighborhood improvement blocking the consummation of the undertakings and the commencement of new ventures. By and by the financial framework in the nation is experiencing a modernisation program to improve the current items or administrations, treatment of non-performing resources, advancement of the utilization of installments in modes other than money and foundation of new bookkeeping standards2 Reforms in Libyan Financial Sector The Libyan government is together working with presumed global associations to encourage improved straightforwardness in the budgetary area , chalking out designs to acquire worldwide FICO assessment offices in the nation to assess the household monetary instruments and the as of late

Public Companies Essays - Types Of Business Entity, Legal Entities

Open Companies Essays - Types Of Business Entity, Legal Entities Open Companies Open COMPANIES Open Companies are those which are recorded on the stock trade. The general population may purchase and sell partakes in them. An open organization will have the word 'restricted' after the organization name (typically abridged to Ltd). Qualities The qualities of an open organization are that they are restricted by shares and have constrained risk. 'Constrained by offers' implies that partakes in the organization can be purchased and sold openly (shares are highlighted in the stock-trade). While 'constrained obligation' imply that in case of organization disappointment for example insolvency, the money related obligation of the individual investors is confined to the assumed worth of his/her offers. As it were close to home resources can't be contacted. Another quality of an open organization is the Limited or Ltd after the organizations name. It recognizes open and privately owned businesses plainly. Procedure associated with setting up So as to set up an open Company, at least 5 individuals need to follow the system expressed in the Company Law Review Act 1998. That is, they have to round out structure 201 (allude to Appendix 1) from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). This structure contains points of interest of the underlying individuals, office holders and office addresses. Before, organizations needed to have a reminder and Articles of Association. Presently, they may require either a solitary arrangement of rules known as a 'constitution' or have no constitution and depend on essential guidelines of interior administration set out in the law known as 'Replaceable standards'. These principles can be supplanted by a constitution whenever, consequently it's name. At the point when an organization is enrolled ASIC issues the organization with a remarkable nine-digit number called the Australian Company Number (ACN). After the giving of the ACN number, the organization is formally enrolled as a Public Company. The activity of an open organization has it's points of interest and it's burdens because of it's capacity and it's persuasions from it's outer condition. Focal points J The investors have constrained risk J The organization has interminable progression (if the primary proprietor kicks the bucket, their offers can be offered to others or his/her assigned progression). J Shares are handily purchased and sold on the stock trade. J Finance can be handily orchestrated. J The administration regularly has a huge degree or experience and mastery in an assortment of fields. J It is a lawful element. Burdens L Government guidelines impact organization action L There are typically confines put on the intensity of the top managerial staff. L Companies can be costly to keep up and compose. L the straightforwardness with which offers can be purchased and sold may once in a while be a hindrance in such a case that each investor sells their offers, because of an insecure period in the economy, the estimation of the organization will decay. Discontinuance Discontinuance of an open organization implies that the organization quits exchanging. One explanation an organization may quit exchanging is on the grounds that it can not pay it obligations. It is the exchanged which implies it's advantages are conveyed to it's investors as per the quantity of offers every individual has. Now and again, when the organization experiences issues paying it's obligations, the courts may delegate a beneficiary to choose if the business should keep on exchanging or close it down. The recipient is a free supervisor, generally a bookkeeper. Reference index business and bookkeeping By Pat Whoo Copyright 1997

Stem Cell Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Undeveloped cell - Term Paper Example As the essential unit of life, the cell turned into the determinant for the reason for a few genuine ailments, for example, cardiovascular breakdowns, birth imperfections and a wide range of disease. A comprehension of the procedure of cell improvement permitted clinical researchers to evaluate a specific wellbeing condition and to help the recuperation of the individual who has it. For the motivations behind research and treatment, immature microorganism gift and banking developed to turn into the most blazing pattern in the clinical world, however various complaints were raised particularly by those from the congregation and different moralists. Undeveloped cell 101 instead of the other human and creature kinds of cell, foundational microorganisms are those that â€Å"carry the possibility to form into a few or a wide range of cell types in the body† (National Institutes of Health, 2010). A more straightforward and more straightforward methodology is to express that undevelo ped cells will be cells that reestablish all alone. They self-produce. As the human body’s fix and reviving system, undeveloped cells can â€Å"divide interminably and renew different cells of the living individual, and their item could either keep up a type of an undifferentiated organism or become another practical cell as a muscle, mind or red blood cell† (National Institutes of Health, 2010). ... , there are other logical requests led by the field specialists to figure out which different pieces of the human body could be potential wellsprings of such a ‘natural treasure.’ The positive result of these investigations will be one of the most-anticipated progressions in current science and will be viewed as another quantum jump for humankind. Gift and Transplant It is with this power and guarantee of the undifferentiated cell that wellbeing specialists committed a lot of their time looking into about this subject. As of now, there have been various clinical examinations that affirmed the multi-faceted elements of the foundational microorganism and that demonstrated the requirement for a more extensive investigation on the issue, including its transplantation. Because of the way that gave tissues and organs used to supplant those that are contaminated or harmed are handily depleted, an expanded interest for undifferentiated cell gift was watched. Clinical specialists , therefore, urge individuals to give a piece of themselves as the undeveloped cell to help the individuals who severely need treatment for sicknesses, for example, diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer, spinal string injury, consumes, joint pain and heart breakdown, among others. To react to the need, by the by, a few emergency clinics and clinical pros would promptly offer moms who have quite recently conceived an offspring in the event that they are amiable to give the placentas and umbilical ropes of the infant. In any case, the choice stays in the mother and a composed assent ought to be executed first. What's more, private organizations exuded to oblige the longing of families who need to save the umbilical line of their infant for any future use through refined storerooms. This goes with a considerable installment, however, required from the clients. In any case, for social insurance foundations that

Behavioural Analysis Report - 2475 Words

Behavioural Analysis Report (Essay Sample) Content: Behavioral Analysis Report for Apple Inc. Name: Institution: Behavioral analysis report for Apple Inc. Company and Product Description Consumer behavior is an ever-dynamic phenomenon that always has the eye of marketers. An analysis of the same represents a constant activity undertaken by every corporate organization and earnest business enterprise. The concept of the indifference theory involves understanding the thoughts and actions of consumers in the market; it focuses on their needs and preferences to be met and satisfied by products in the market environment (Johannessen 2010). Apple Computer Inc. has its headquarters in Cupertino, California USA. Steve Jobs and Steve Woniak founded the company in 1976. The company is innovation-oriented largely and it takes credit for the development of Apple Personal Computers, the iPod, iPad and iPhone. The company is a Multinational Corporation that is undoubtedly a pioneer in innovation of computer electronic products. This paper will focus on Consumer Behavioral Analysis as far as Apple Inc. is concerned. Apple Incorporated is positioned as a leader in the industry of personal computers and mobile phone technology. The company has positioned itself to create products for customers seeking quality, innovation, design and vital reliability. This has made the customer base of the company to comprise mostly of individuals that are wealthy and well off. It has also attracted people who are serious innovators in their specific lines of work, this fact had aided greatly in building a very strong brand name for the company. Even though the company's sales volume is comparatively and relatively lower than those of its competitors are, the company remains at the top of the market in terms of generated income. It is a clear fact that the competing Android mobile phone manufacturers dominate the market. This fact represent a witty financial irony since close to 80% of mobile phone devices shipped all over the world are of Android making and only 13% are manufactured by Apple. In fact, Apple's profits surpass those of all its competitors combined. The company got 56% of the total profit realized in the mobile phone market in 2013 according to Canaccord Genuity. (Bradley 2013). Another notable fact to mention however, is that Apple Inc. generates more advertising revenue and sells more applications that all its android competitors combined; this is still despite its relatively less market share. On the other hand, Apple Computer Inc. can boast of greater data usage by its customers and not its competitors. Aside from having the most sales of both Smartphone and tablet apps, it records the most web browser use by customers. Market Segmentation and Positioning By maintaining a constant tracking of changes in technology, Apple Computer Inc. creates products designed for an urban setting and trendy lifestyles of consumers based in America, Europe and parts of Asia mostly. The company is well positioned having products that lack close substitutes as well as a strong sense of originality and unique user experience. They remain a form of elegance to those who can comfortably afford and acquire them for personal use. When it comes to enterprise adoption and use of in retail shopping, consumers have higher preference for Apple products compared to its competitors. The company has hence demonstrated that market share does not determine the level of income a company generates (Bradley 2013) Still, the company has more potential segments to target, especially the urban settings of South America and Africa. In addition, the company should put more emphasis on targeting the youth who certainly have many uses for mobile devices and PCs including social platforms, music entertainment and gaming applications. Students also use these devices for educational purposes like accessing e-books and online journals. With increased interest in educational material in the developing world, Apple Inc. is facing a huge and unexplored potential segment that entails children ant preparatory level of schooling to college students. As an important strategic aim of conducting business, Apple strives to determine psychological needs of its customers as well as making considerations of their sociology and demographics. The company remains a world leader as far as keeping up with changing trends in the Information Technology sector is concerned. Up to the present moment, analysis of consumer behavior has proved to be advantageous for Apple in enabling the company to satisfy the needs of its customers. So far, Apples' products target affluent individuals as well as specific sets people in terms of their sociology, demography and topography. This is well demonstrated by different marketing strategies set for different geographical segments; specifically continental blocks. It is obvious that the market remains highly competitive with decreased product life cycles, owing to the constant change and improvement of Information Communication Technology (ICT). The company also recognizes consumer needs concerning the en vironment and predominant social and physical stimuli that affect the behavior of its potential customers. The Apple brand has proved difficult to beat for competitors, as it has maintained its position at the center of white-collar computing and the entertainment market. Moreover, the marketing strategies employed by the company do not allow it to position itself in the enterprise space of utilizing economies of scale, as this would create opportunities for competitors like Dell, Hp and Blackberry among others to gain in. Being a market leader means that the company attracts the attention of all players in the industry, from the consumers to competitors. To this day, Apple remains the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"White hot center' in the production and distribution of the Mac computer, iPhones, iPads, iTunes and apple TV among other products. In 2007, loyal Apple customers eagerly queued at a company stores in the U.S as they waited for new versions of the company's product to be released officially, giving rise to another term- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"iPhone maniac' (Lennon 2011). Apple has also benefited from tactical mistakes made by its competitors concerning business decisions and from its high regard for research and development functions. It was one of the first companies to venture in the technology market, way before its competitors like IBM, HP, Dell, Compaq, Toshiba and Acer to mention a few. The company has successfully implemented sound strategies that have enabled it to build and strengthen its brand for over three decades despite instances of manufacturing setbacks; namely initial poor designs for PCs, iPods prone to scratches, LCD monitors with debris and dropped call in iPhone (3G) devices. Still, the company remarkably shunned controversies unlike several of its competitors and cultivated steady stakeholders and customers' contentment. As far as Corporate Social Responsibility is concerned, the company has maintained an open and transparent approach in dealing with problems arising while being quick to sort them out, hence cultivating a desira ble image in the larger market environment. (Matsuda et al. 2011) Apple Inc. recently introduced a range of patent applications in its devices- a form of positioning strategy against competitors; these enable the devices to detect user faces, fingerprints and usage activities as a form of security measure. The smart devices are even able to monitor heartbeat patterns of users; in cases where an unauthorized user is detected, the devices initiate measures like taking pictures and simultaneously sending them to email accounts in other linked devices. They also relay information regarding Global Positioning Systems (GPS) coordinates, call and keystroke logs among other activity data. These features enable registered users to access the interfaces of their devices enabling them to access and either save or erase specific data from a remote location (Diaz 2010). Behavioral Analysis of Targeted Segments Noticeable and Meaningful Differences The product strategy employed by apple aims to have the best product in the market to offer consumers value for their money. This makes customers to be less indifferent inusing the company's products in relation to substitutes. For example, iMac computers are not prone to threats of viruses as other computers using the Windows Operating Systems; this enables them to be way ahead of the competition. The company has hence demonstrated audacious decision-making capabilities in regards to product quality and so reliability, building trust and confidence in its customers. This has gone a long way to justify its pricing strategies. In addition, the products bear limited variations in specific classes, for instance, iPads are available only in white or black colors, with Wi-Fi and 3G or Wi-Fi alone, 16GB, 32GB or 64GB memory and so on. When it comes to placement of Apple's products, the company exercises extreme discretion in settling on selected retail outlets. It has not relied wholly on online sales as most of its competitors have instead it has been keen on how its products are displayed and placed on the selected retail outlets. The company has gone a notch higher to come up with modeled designs for these stores located in major retail shopping places for purposes of giving its customers a distinctive shopping experience. Since Apple Inc. targets specific niches of consumers, it has employed scarcity of its products as a marketing strategy of promotion. The company has previously stated that "only a hundred" pieces of a product are available, making its customers even more eager to acquire the products once they are out for sale (Lennon et al. 2011). As far as the indifference theory of consumer behavior is concerned, Apple has built stro...

Compare And Contrast Elizabeth Proctor In The Crucible

â€Å"Whatever you do, it is a good man who does it.† This quote was said by Elizabeth Proctor, a character in The Crucible. Here Elizabeth is saying that her husband is a good man which shows that she has finally forgiven him for the affair he had earlier in the play. Elizabeth Proctor is a good Christian woman who is very honest. She is married to John Proctor but keeps a cold house ever since John had the affair with Abigail Williams. Elizabeth is accused of witchcraft when Abigail is stabbed in the stomach and they then find a poppet with a needle in it belonging to Elizabeth. I consider myself to have similar characteristics with Elizabeth Proctor because we are both caring, forgiving, and honest. Elizabeth and I display caring as a†¦show more content†¦I refused to talk and do anything with him. I did not want to be around him much anymore. Even though I am still not happy with what has happened I have realized that my dad is my dad still and I have to forgive h im for the sins he has committed. In August my one aunt on my moms side of the family sent me a text basically saying that I was a disrespectful daughter and a bad christian which obviously is not true. I have done my best to forgive her now even though it is difficult. Lastly Elizabeth and I both have the trait of honesty in common. Throughout the play of The Crucible Elizabeth is known for never telling a lie. She is known to be a good christian woman who follows the ten commandments seriously. In act three when the court thought she was lying about being pregnant since she did not seem to be pregnant by the doctors examination. As John told the court Elizabeth was telling the truth as she did become pregnant. Like Elizabeth I am also honest but I am honest with my feelings. When I was going through hard times at home I was able to be very open with how I was feeling. I am also honest with my friends. In February my one friend Rhiannon was being sort of self centered with herself. I was able to confront her about it nicely about how it was making me feel and she was understanding about it. Since we both have the similar traits of caring, forgiving, and honesty I consider myself to have common characteristics with Elizabeth Proctor. Due to theShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible And The Handmaids Tale Analysis1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn the books The Crucible by Arthur Miller and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood truth is large concept. Throughout the books truth is used to define the perception and the reality through key symbols that go above and beyond an object. In The Crucible The Bible plays an immense part in shaping characters characteristics, also in The Handmaid’s Tale it shapes one of the main motifs of the story. Throughout the two books, flowers are a meaningful symbol which is compared to a real relationshipRead MoreThe Paradoxical Nature of Belonging Depicted in Arthur Millers The Crucible1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn Arthur Miller ’s The Crucible, we are positioned to see belonging as paradoxical, in that the positive, human quality of belonging inevitably carries with it the negative and dangerous corollary of exclusion. By belonging, we are automatically excluding others and excluding ourselves from other groups. The Crucible achieves this complex presentation of belonging through a variety of interconnected techniques which will be explored in this essay. These techniques may be categorized into four mainRead MoreArthur Miller, The Crucible- Explain how tension is created in Arthur Millers The Crucible1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Crucible there is a lot of tension that builds gradually throughout the play. 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(A) Thou art more lovely and more temperate: (B) Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, (A) And summer s lease hath all too short a date: (B) Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, (C) And often is his gold complexionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTulane University Alan Jackson, Peru State College Christine Jackson, Purdue University Marsha Jackson, Bowie State University Kathryn Jacobson, Arizona State University Paul Jacques, Western Carolina University David Jalajas, Long Island University Elizabeth Jamison, Radford University Stephen Jenner, California State University, Dominguez Hills John Jermier, University of South Florida Jack Johnson, Consumnes River College Michael Johnson, University of Washington David Jones, South University Ray Jones

Population Problem in Bangladesh Essay Example For Students

Population Problem in Bangladesh Essay The Bangladeshi English Essay Book An Analysis by Robin Upton, January 22nd 2006 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com/research Contents Purpose.. 1 Introduction to Essay Books .. 1 Impact of Essay Books .. Inaccuracy 4 Grandiloquence/bombast (long words) . 5 Exaggeration .. 6 Repetition . 7 Oversimplification /Over-Generalisation. Obscurity/Obsolescence .. 9 Waffle.. 10 Pointlessness 12 Tackling ‘Essay Book Style’ 14 Introductions 15 Reasoning.. 16 Conclusions .. 17 Overcoming Bad Essay Writing Habits . 18 Epilogue: In Praise of Banglish Essays.. 19 Bibliography. 21 Appendix: Some Essays . 2 Purpose This paper is intended primarily for English teachers in Bangladesh who wish to improve their students’ essay writing. After introducing Bangladeshi essay books, it describes their main flaws, places them in context and suggests methods for helping students whose English has been affected. Introduction to Essay Books Books of model rochona (essays) have been a staple tool of English teaching in Bangladesh for decades. These essays are formulaic compositions of about 250 words on a fairly narrow range of stock topics. The majority of these are perennial favourites with wide applicability, such as My School, A Tea Stall, My Daily life, Blessings of Modern Science, The autobiography of a river1, The Necessity of The Value of Time. Bangladesh specific topics are also popular, such as Rural Development of Bangladesh, Arsenic Pollution, The International Mother Language Day, Care taker Government, The War Liberation of Bangladesh. Some variety is brought to the mix by a range of more modern topics: The world cup football – 98, Internet, Women’s Contribution to our Country, Dish-Anteena. These essays have a flavour all of their own, so if you are not yet familiar with Bangladeshi Essay books, try reading a few from the appendix of this paper. Due to the high volume of errors in Bangladeshi Essays, this paper will not follow use ‘(sic. )’ to alert the reader to deliberately quoted mistakes, since their prevalence would prove disturbing to the reader. Efforts have been made to quote the Bangladesh essays faithfully, errors and all. Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 1 1 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Impact of Essay Books Mass producing fixed length essays on a narrow set of topics may seem logical to the command hierarchy of business, but such an activity undermines the essay as a means of self-expression by the individual. The low quality, mass produced nature of most Bangladeshi Essay books does at least warn the reader of the devalued and deadened the material they contain. Nevertheless, parents, teachers and publishers alike encourage students to learn these essays by rote, especially for examinations. Bangladeshi English exams typically ask for an essay of at least 200 words on one of the standard essay book titles. For students with a natural aversion to rote learning, books have a variety of other strategies to encourage the use of essays as models. One such is to present questions and answers one below the other, a common feature of Bangladeshi school textbooks: â€Å"Write a paragraph about your idea of a good teacher. Think of a particular teacher you have known. In your paragraph include the following points. ? Kescribe some of his qualities, ? specially his behaviour with the students, ? his general nature, and ? ow he helps the students with their lessons My Idea of a Good Teacher A good teacher is the person who is committed to work for building a nation. I know a good teacher named Mr. N. Haq. His is B. A. B-Ed. He is fond of his young children. An ideal or a good teacher is fond of his young learners and helpful to them in making their lesson interesting and preparing their house work. He always keeps them busy in the class and helps them enjoying playful games too. He or she advises them to follow the foot prints of the great mean. Teaching is a noble and honourable profession and he lives ideal lives. Note how the subject shifts from a particular teacher (supposedly chosen by the student) to the general case of ‘an ideal teacher’. The real and the imaginary are blurred, a recurring phenomenon of ‘personal accounts’. Another section of this book is entitled ‘Writing paragraph Using Key Words’: Write a paragraph about â€Å"your best friend in the class. † In your paragraph you must include the following key words: Kamal Neglect Sit listen Polite helpful understand Try turn Model 3 Inclusion of the proper name ‘Kamal’ gives a clue as to the amount of personal input expected from students. The ‘Accordance with the given model’ section demonstrates to students how to produce an essay on a supposedly personal topic without making any semantic modification of one of the prepared essays: 2 3 p. 7 (Paragraph 13, My Idea Of A Good Teacher), Mannan p. 69 (Paragraph 20, Your best friend in Class), Mannan Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 2 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Read the following paragraph about â€Å"Kamal’s Hobby† and follow it to write a paragraph about â€Å"Your Hobby† MODEL: Kamal’s Hobby Kamal is a student. He has a hobby of his own. It is gardening. It is his favourite hobby. He spends his leisure time is his garden. Every early in the morning he goes to his garden. He looses the soil with a spade and weeds out the grasses and then waters the little plants. He also puts fence around his garden so that children and cattle can do no harm to the garden. Every morning his minds fills in joy to see the garden full of various kinds of flowers. Besides, the work, which he does in his garden, helps to make his body strong and active. My Hobby I have a hobby my own. It is gardening. It is my favourite hobby. I spend my leisure time in my garden. Every early in the morning I go to my garden. I loose the soil with a spade and weed out the grasses and then I water the little plants. I also put fence around my garden so that children and cattle can do no harm to the garden. Every morning my mind fills in joy to see the garden full of various kinds of flowers. Besides, the work, which I do in my garden, helps to make my body strong and active. 4 Repeated from an early age, such base exercises undermine students’ perception of essays, removing the essential value from writing, degrading it to a purely technical exercise. Many students have a similarly subverted perception of what it means to learn English – as an activity which requires no creativity and offers no scope for self-expression. Although most essay books have a nominal indication of the level, precious little difference is obvious aside from progression in vocabulary. Unlike those from Kolkata 5 or further afield, the language and spelling of Bangladeshi essay books of all levels is very variable, but even the most accurate are rife with minor errors such as misspelled words, missing articles or capitals letters, incorrect pronouns etc. Such errors are normally referred to as ‘careless mistakes’, although in this case they may stem from lack not only of care but also of exposure to conventional English. In the absence of access to material produced by native speakers6, ‘essay book style’ is an almost universal feature of Bangladeshi students’ written English. It has a host of interrelated aspects, of which we shall look in depth at the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Inaccuracy Grandiloquence (big words) Exaggeration Repetition Oversimplification/Overgeneralization Obscurity/Obsolescence Waffle Pointlessness 5 p. 87 (Accordance with Given Model 7 , From Kamal’s Hobby to my Hobby), Mannan Whilst their style is reminiscent of Bangladeshi essay books, the grammar of those from Kolkata are far superior. Many of them are often almost completely free of grammatical mistakes. 6 Internet usage rates in Bangladesh are very low but rapidly incr easing. It will be interesting to see whether this will significantly affect students’ English. Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 3 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Inaccuracy The language and material of the essays suggests that some were originally written prior to the 20th century. If re-copied every few years since then, this would amount to dozens of copyings, not necessarily even by English speakers. Mistaken transcription and correction are a pair of processes that, unchecked, gradually devolve essays to a lowest common denominator, explaining the prevalence of errors, particularly spelling mistakes and the omission of small words etc. The practice of writing a thing is a good way of knowing a subject and a language. Because writing makes a man perfect. 7 Perhaps the commonest errors in Bengali English are omitted articles or prepositions and incorrect sentence formation (e. g. sentences starting with ‘And’, ‘But’ or ‘Because’). See the essay on ‘Value of Time’ for a more spectacular demonstration of the same process. There was a terrible flood occurred in our locality in September-October, 3000. 8 Proofreading appears to be almost unknown. The complexity of grammar employed makes the transcription process error prone: All the greatmen of all ages earned name and fame by dint of perseverance. They might have come out successful again and again, but they did not lose heart. 9 Inaccurate transcription mutates words, as spelling errors are ‘corrected’ incorrectly. Sometimes it is possible to guess the original text; ‘Boring’ was probably ‘boredom’ in the below, a very common mistake in Bangladeshi English. In our boring television is our most favourite friend. 10 Mutation of words is not the only factor that creates contradictions. Crass oversimplification of is another. The second sentence, below, probably once began with the word ‘avoiding’: Unemployment is a great social evil. It is imperative for the peace and prosperity of social life. 11 Spellcheckers have sped up of the process of ‘correction’ of errors, and allowed it to be carried adding another sort of error to the mix: Measures should be taken against draught and heavy rainfalls. River beds should be depend against floods. †12 Automated ‘correction’ forms an unholy alliance with unusual grammar and grandiloquent expression to degenerate the original authors’ sentiment into a bizarre and tragic linguistic wreck. p. 36 (Essay 14, How To Learn English Well), Ullah p. 02 (Composition 26, The Flood Affected People of My Locality), Shahidul Islam 9 p. 119 (Essay 113, Perseverance), Bhattacharyya Hoque 10 p. 192 (Essay 11, Television), Mannan 11 p. 284 (Essay 91, Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh), Mannan 12 p. 148 (Essay 139, Grow More Food), Bhattacharyya Hoque 8 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 7 4 Jan 2006 Robin Upto n http:// www. RobinUpton. com â€Å"Seize the day†, cried Horace about two thousand years ago. But time and tide wait for none. Time passes and passes. Nobody can stop time’s ever-busty frigate for even a second. It passes away throwing everything into the dark mysterious cavern of the past. Yet, it can be made full use of. 13 Language learnt from essay books is used by subsequent generations of essay writers who have either looked up the denotation or grasped it intuitively, but who have no sense of its connotations. has given man various death-weapons like missiles, atomb bombs, various types of fire-arms, modern fighter-planes and what not. 14 The discussion on pointlessness mentions the topic of personal or commercial interests. Most essayists, however, have an agenda which extends little further than the bsolute necessity of school and essay books, subservience to authority and discipline in general. This seems to affect a lot of they write, even on apparently unrelated topics. Physical exercise means the movement of the limbs with the help of rules. 15 Facile topics in which the essayist is not really conveying any information promote sloppiness in thinking, while an overemphasis on gr ammar and vocabulary inevitably mean that less attention is paid to the exact meaning of what is written: Atom and hydrogen bombs are invented with the use of nuclear energy. 6 Grandiloquence/bombast (long words) Since vocabulary is the only significant linguistic progression evidenced by essay books, Bangladeshi learners of English are naturally keen to demonstrate proficiency in English by employing long words. These words are important if the illusion of progression is to be m aintained, ensuring that class VI students feel that they have moved on from class V when in fact there is generally little difference in other aspects of the essays, apart perhaps from volume of output. We are living in a fast changing environment. Everything old is being removed by the mighty gust of remorceless change. If we, for relevant reasons, want to survive and advance, we must keep up with the gorgeous procession of change toward ameleoration and development. 17 In one sense, of course, longer words do represent real progress – essay book users often have surprising abilities at comprehension. However, this striving for an appearance of competence is a cause of real problems. The long words in Bangladeshi Essay Books are often incorrectly spelled, of inappropriately high register, or have other problems such as unwanted connotations. Such swollen vocabularies often increase students’ comprehension at the expense of their ability to make themselves understood in speech (or sometimes, even in writing). Such verbiage is of little use to 13 p.? (Value of Time? ), Chowdhury Hossain? p. 131 (Essay 29, Is Science A Blessing or Curse? ), Zakir 15 p. 32 (Paragraph 25, Physical Exercise), Shahidul Islam 16 p. 568 ( The Wonders of Modern Science, The Blessings of Modern Science or Science in Everyday Life), Chowdhury Hossain 17 p. 245 (Essay 65, Mass Media), Zakir 14 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 5 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com those who flout conventions of grammar, collocation etc. At least as far as native English speakers are concerned, those raised on grandiloquent essay books sometimes lack the ability to make themselves understood not in spite of but because of their clumsily increased vocabularies. dispels the darkness of ignorance from the minds of his students and enkindles the light of education in them. 18 What is merely bizarre or quaint in written form can be unintelligible in speech, where foreign accents also hamper comprehension19. Whilst its effect on learners is mixed, grandiloquence is worse for the essays themselves, where it is frequently used to conceal other problems such as the shallowness or partisan nature of arguments. The path of success and victory is not only steep but also difficult and thorny. It is the crushed flower that gives forth the richests, sweetest, and rarest fragrance. pangs, sufferings, misfortunes and adversities sublimate our soul and ripen our judgement. 20 Some of the essayists are so poetic that to try to look too hard for logic may be to fundamentally misunderstand them, just as certain plot devices require a suspension of disbelief. Many essays are bombastic throughout, but especially so in the prescriptive rhetoric of conclusions. Everyone should keep himself aloof from inhuman, unsocial, irreligious works. Unlawful activities should be discouraged from all walks of life. The lady killer or lady hunter should be severely punished and fined at any cost. Everybody’s target should be to build up a fine heritage of lofty idealisms. 21 Exaggeration Exaggeration sometimes occurs almost accidentally from the casual use of language: We can not live even for a single second without air. 2 It is often mixed with over-generalisation in a desperate effort to add interest to the bland essays on uninspiring topics. If we use properly, it can bring infinite good for us. 23 Whilst obvious out of context, wild exaggeration is a natural property of the oversimplification and bombast that is such a common feature of Bangladeshi essays. It is common at the end of paragraphs, as if the writer uses the preceding sentences to work himself up into a fervour, and especially common in concluding statements of an essay. p.? (? ), Chowdhury Hossain? The commonest sound in English, the schawa, is unknown to most Bangladeshis, in whose language it does not feature. 20 p. 329 (Essay 163, Sweet are the uses of Aversity), Rohel 21 p. 235 (Essay 115, Violence Syndrom in the World), Rohel 22 p. 252 (Essay 17, Air Pollution), Bhattacharyya Hoque 23 p. 43 (Essay 24, The Use of Radio in our Day to Day Life), Ullah 19 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 18 6 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com With the help of computer we can solve any complex problem within a minute or two. In our modern life we canno’t think of a day without it. It is not a fashion but a necessity. 24 It is at its most pronounced when advancing the interests behind the essay books, such as the necessity of obedience to the social order in general, and the importance of school in particular. Patriotism is pure love. It is more than human love for other individual human beings. 25 Repetition Of all the stylistic weaknesses of essay book style, repetition is the most obvious for Bangladeshis to spot and the easiest for them to correct. The more repetitive an essay is, the easier it is to learn off by heart, so the more popular with students and teachers alike. Like waffle, repetition stems mainly from the artificial construct of having to write a minimum number of grammatically correct words, of never being corrected on style, and of having nothing of moment to say in the first place. Tutul, you want to start a poultry farm. So you have to do something to start a poultry farm. At first you should take a training on poultry farm. There are many training centre under the â€Å"Juba Unnayan Sangstha†. You may visit one of those. Then you have to manage some money for attending the training. Next you will need some more money to start a poultry farm and then you may contact with the Agricultural bank for a loan. After that you can start a poultry farm with the money given by the Agricultural bank. Finally, after establishing you poultry farm up to a good position you have to pay the loan. 26 Repetition is rarely as blatant as the above. In fact, grandiloquent paraphrasing is often used to hide it from the uncritical reader. Occasionally however, entire sentences are repeated verbatim in the course of an essay. Such cases of provide a useful chance to check the accuracy of the copying; note below how careless transcription has changed ‘lost time’ at the first mention into ‘loss time’ in the second, and a comma has mutated into a full stop: We can make up the loss of money by industry, the loss of health by medicine, but the loss of time is never found again. Everybody ought to make proper use of time. Because lost time is never found again. We can make up the loss of money by industry, the loss of health by medicine. But loss time is never found again. An active man is conscious of the proper use of time. It is sure that he who makes proper use of time is sure to prosper in life. We should not misuse time. Because the misuse of time would be a great loss for life. We must, therefore, make the right use of time. Success in life depends on the right use of time. An industrious man, who does not loss time, is sure to reach of the goal of life. 27 Repeated words or syllables, such as shonge shonge, khaowar daowar or fushpush are a regular and welcome part of the melody of Bengali, so the native speaker may well not realise that such repetitions usually create a negative impression in English. The desire to pack sentences with long words naturally leads to complicated and repetitive expression of simple ideas: Bangladesh can never develop with her rural areas undeveloped or underdeveloped. 28 p. 21 (Essay 47, Learning Computer Education), Shahidul Islam p. 74 (Essay 12, Patriotism), Zakir 26 p. 96 (Methodological Paragraph 13, Training on a Poultry Farm), Mannan 27 p. 196 (Value of Time), Mannan 28 p.? (Development of Bangladesh? ), Zakir Hasan? 25 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 24 7 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Oversimplification /Over-Generalisation Complex issues are best discussed with language capable of framing debate and communicating chains of thought in sufficient detail. Doing this in simple sentences is not easy. To argue that the language itself presents sufficient challenge, and that young learners should not also be presented with interesting content at the same time is to believe that the two can successfully be separated. Tree plantation means planting trees more and more. Trees are very essential for our existence. We cannot think of our existence without trees. The Samurai: Warrior and Ruler of Ancient Japan EssaySchooled in academic hothouses themselves, most teachers identify academic success with rote learning for old style exams. Few have the imagination needed to conceive of what education might mean outside of this framework, far less the courage to try it out in a traditional culture hostile to such radical reformist notions. Students who have spent a lot of effort memorising Bangladeshi essays may feel a commitment to them, so sensitivity is required when raising the issue of their shortcomings. Ironically, you may find the traditional Bengali notion that ‘today’s teacher is always right’ gives you authority to challenge these sacred cows. However, do not underestimate the difficulty of awakening the scepticism and critical thinking needed to overcome years of indoctrination and begin to see essay books in a new light. Memorising essays maybe as boring as it is demeaning, but it is also not intellectually demanding. An adept choice of topics should help lead students away from old habits of relying on stock formulae from half-remembered essays. The range of essay book titles is not broad, so familiarising yourself with it should help you avoid inadvertently setting a trap for your students by giving them a topic reminiscent of one they have learnt off by heart. In general, personal and contemporary topics are more likely to lead them away from regurgitation of old material and towards the potentially exciting new area of their own creative thinking. 54 55 pp. 296-297 (Essay 84, The Status of Teaching and Learning English in Bangladesh), Zakir The same essay claims that â€Å"lakhs of coaching centres†¦ are offering various courses in English. † Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 14 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Introductions The general approach of the Bangladeshi essay book separates the form of essays from their function. One reflection of the essential pointlessness of these essays is the stilted nature of their introductions. With no target audience, ‘introducing the topic’ becomes a nonsense. A standard recourse exists for topics which consist of more than one word. This is to fall back on a trivial syntactic discussion: The morning in the winter seasons is called winter morning. 56 This formula for padding out introductions is standard, even if it has minimal explanatory power or if the meaning of the topic has already been clearly explained. Load shedding means discontinuations of the supply of electricity. It is a process taken by the authority to shed the load of the electricity. 57 Quite often its triviality is covered by an exaggerated veneer of self-important verbiage. A reading room plays a vital role in the life of an educated person. Specifically, it is mostly essential for the students. Without a reading room, a student cannot go on studying in a planned manner. Now, what is a reading room? A reading room is a specially separate room for a learner where he can persue his studies to meet his thirst of knowledge. The importance of a reading room cannot be denied. Reading makes a man perfect. And it is the reading room that parves the way for studies, studies instill in human being the quality of humanity. Without humanity a man is not a man in the reaj sense of the term. So, a reading room for every human being is a must. 58 This bombast covers over the waffle that besets these essays. Whilst lacking somewhat in coherence, such introductions do at least give a flavour of the peculiar style that is to follow. The world is a global village. It has an environment with many disasters. Human beings are members of this globe. They want to have their suitable, natural and happy existence here in the global world. The threat is prodigious that a singl country cannot tackle it. The world is well aware of it and various measures are under way to cope up with any unforeseen disaster. 59 To the native speaker, such a formulation is as pompous and cliched as it is unclear, but to an audience of aspiring young English students, schooled on essay books and hungry to increase their vocabulary, it is right on target. 56 57 p. 16 (Paragraph 28, A Winter Morning), Mannan p. 9 (Paragraph 24, Load Shedding), Mannan 58 p.? (Essay? , Reading Room? ), Chowdhury Hossain? 59 p. 273 (Essay 136, A Threat to Global Security), Rohel Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 15 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Reasoning Bangladeshi Essay books make efforts to follow the external appearance of English essays, whilst the reality of their s ubstance is often degraded. The convention of writing in paragraphs, for example, is obeyed, but the paragraphs themselves often lack both coherence and logic. This aspect of essay book style is so insidious that heavy exposure to essay books can render the native speaker almost insensitive to it, since the natural tendency is to adjust ones expectations. One Bangladeshi commentator makes the following helpful, if exaggerated remark about his compatriots’ style: When they write any composition, they simply heap up their sentences in a jumbled way. As a result, their composition always lacks in coherence. In fact, a composition is not a haphazard string of unrelated sentences60. AIDS is spreading like jungle fire all over the world and is taking its toll. The youngsters of today are getting themselves addicted to drugs and pre-marital sex. Women are also falling victims to this fatal and deadly disease for illegal sexual intercourse with others. Lack of sexual knowledge is also responsible for AIDS. It is hard to cure AIDS. 61 Sometimes the essayist’s craft is so debased that it is hard to tell whether or not a logical argument is actually being put forward. Trees have a great impact on climate. A country needs trees to ensure a cool and healthy climate for her people. They induce rains and prevent air pollution. An area devoid of forests and trees will go barren and turn into a desert in course of time. 62 Other essays have a much more fluent structure of reasoning, with sentences that flow together and even exhibit some notion of balance, or of a connection between syntax and semantics. The following example is one such, most unusual in its convincing use of a rhetorical question: Naturally, man is thirsty for peace. He believes in peace. Yet why do ways take place. Yet why do wars take place? Maybe man acquired some amount of beastliness from the struggles he had to do with wild animals and natural calamities in the ancient times. Or maybe some people are inherently beastlike by birth. But whatever the reason, though they want to disguise their beastlike nature under the costumes of modern education etiquettes and modesty, their real nature at times get disclosed. Then we see the primitive intransigent beast in him. Such people are always fond of destruction games. And war is an inevitable consequent of their wilful thoughts and desires. 63 Unusual fluency of sentences notwithstanding, one senses that the author may be less concerned with expounding a logical argument than with the use of language for its own sake. This is a recurring theme of the Bangladeshi essay. p. i (Preface), Jaharul Islam p. 313 (Essay 154, AIDS – A deadly Disease), Rohel 62 p. 50 (Composition 36, The Importance Of Trees In Our Life), Ullah 63 p. 163 (Essay 59, War and Peace), Zakir 61 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 60 16 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Conclusions Bengali culture does not favour the admission of failure or ignorance, so it is unsurprising that reservations are unusual and open questions are extremely rare in Bangladeshi essays. As a consequence, wishful thinking and – sometimes charmingly naive – oversimplifications abound in the concluding sections of essay books. Only a few steps can save the country from the curse of traffic jam. By appointing more but sufficient traffic police, applying strict traffic rules, allowing licenced vehicles and expart drivers, making sufficient road, traffic jam can be solved. 64 Echoing the essays themselves, conclusions are definitive and display an optimistic mood. No story is too complex to be told within a couple of pages, no mystery too difficult to be solved. The preferred content for conclusions is a summary of opinions to be held and actions to be performed. The traditional style is so bombastic as to be more reminiscent of political rhetoric, as if the writer were concluding a rousing speech, exhorting listeners to selfless furtherance of the greater good. To conclude the roles of women in child development are crying needs. So they should be allowed to develop themselves and their posterity will take over the reigns of the land and the nation. We can under no circumstances neglect or deny the role of a woman in child development. 5 Such admonishments are rarely found at the end of simple personal accounts, where generalisation provides an alternative to such opinionated rhetoric. Summarising the main body of the essay is less important than the use of climactic language. The ‘Journey By Bus’ essay starts with the claim that â€Å"Bus is a wonderful invention of science and technology66† but provides no further ref erence to this until the conclusion: A journey by bus is both interesting and pleasing. It is not so costly. It is the speedy vehicle on land. People can go to their goals so easily by bus. It is a blessing of science. However, the impact of the journey will remain ever fresh in my mind. 67 Their occurrence as titles of other essays explains the writers’ predilection for certain words and phrases. Conclusions, alas, are not free of the low level of waffle that is such a feature of Bangladeshi essays. It is the loveliest of all the seasons, so visiting my village during the rainy season I enjoyed a journey by boat from one place to another. 8 The final sentence of conclusions is somewhat less random than the others. Bangladeshi English letters use a range of highly formal (and generally archaic) structures, and are often in the same books as English essays. The assumption therefore, that essays must be concluded in a similarly formulaic fashion is as natural as it is fallacious. This visit to the moon will remain refresh in my memory for ever. 69 64 65 p. 270? (E ssay ? , Traffic Jam) , Chowdhury Hossain? p. 246 (Essay 121, The Role of Women in Child Development), Rohel 66 p. 5 (Essay 8, A Journey by Bus), Rohel 67 p. 16 (Essay 8, A Journey by Bus), Rohel 68 p. 31 (Paragraph 24, The Rainy Season), Shahidul Islam 69 p. 2 (Paragraph 1, Visit to the Moon), Shahidul Islam Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 17 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com The most common concluding sentence for personal narrative is about how fresh the memory will stay in the writer’s mind. The journey in my heart I bore. It gave me much pleasure. It was one of the most memorable days in my life indeed. 0 Minor variations on this theme are allowed. The next essay in the book features a token effort in this direction: The journey in my heart I bore. It gave me much pleasure. It gave me much pleasure. Indeed it was one of the most memorable days in my life. 71 Overcoming Bad Essay Writing Habits Rote learning o f incorrect essays means that inaccuracy is one of the hardest of the bad habits to break. A lot of effort and exposure to authentic language will be needed if learners are to overcome inaccuracy ingrained by a childhood exposed to highly inaccurate English. One positive side effect f emphasising accuracy is that this may serve to stem writers’ love of grandiloquence. This, together with exaggeration stems in part from frustration with the menial nature of the task, from its essential pointlessness. Escaping somewhat from the academic framework is absolutely necessary here; if the work done has no function external to the student-teacher relationship, its artificiality will inevitably frustrate any efforts to imbue it with real meaning. The phrase ‘target audience’ is almost unknown, but will occur naturally once work done is enlivened with any purpose other than mere training and grading of students. Since this requires relationships with life outside of the educational institution, systematic advice on this would be unhelpful. Instead, I offer an example: I encouraged my students to develop material of practical benefit for foreigners, so that I could post it on the Internet72. When writing from personal experience, students rarely use obsolete language, whilst obscurity too is not a great problem if they maintain an awareness of writing for a particular purpose, rather than writing for its own sake. If motivated to do so, such as by imposing a maximum word limit, repetition is one of the easiest problems for students to detect and tackle. The need to combine repetitive sentences can provide a good motivation for grammatical teaching, giving students practical techniques with which to start to overcome bad habits. Waffle is another obvious consequence of the minimum word limit, so a natural approach is to set a maximum rather than a minimum length (provided, of course, that the problem of pointlessness has been tackled). Careful, critical reading exposes the oversimplification and overgeneralization in which so many Bengali essays are steeped. The essays are especially dishonest about schooling and order in general, so a couple of more crass examples should serve to alert students to the need to correct such problems in their own writing. 70 p. 564 ( A Journey by Boat), Chowdhury Hossain p. 565 ( A Journey by Train), Chowdhury Hossain 72 At www. bdesh. info 71 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 18 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com The lives of all great men teach us to be punctual and do our respective duties in proper time. 73 Such habits will undoubtedly persist as long as students aim to write essays not to accurately reflect reality, but to cover over its less palatable aspects. These matters are far from straightforward. Bengalis may be slow to grasp that whilst it may be embarrassing to admit that a truth is of limited use, it is still generally preferred in English essay writing that making exaggerated claims of its validity. The language of qualification is an essential tool to accompany such critical thinking. If they can begin to say ‘one reason’ instead of ‘the reason’, and to insert warning phrases such as ‘mostly’, ‘generally’ etc. students are a long way towards tackling problems of oversimplification and sweeping generalisation so common in their essays. In Praise of Banglish Essays After such a criticism of Bangladesh essays, I am motivated to write a little something in their favour. In spite of their many problems, many possess a peculiar charm. Aping Bangladeshi society as a whole, attitudes to things modern and Western are often appallingly credulous and n aive. However, Bengali discourse on topics such as the family or community, even in English, sometimes exudes a robustness and coherency no longer evident in ‘developed’ countries. My village is not an ideal village, but day by day its economic and socio-cultural conditions are improving. The memory of my childhood is inseparably tied with every aspect of that village, especially with the nourishing nature and tonic environment. That is why I love it with all its people very much. Above all, it is part of my life. 74 The shortcomings of the essay books all have their counterparts. Misspellings, for example, are only misspellings by dint of newfangled notions that words have to be spelled in one way75. Similarly, the oversimplification and inaccuracy of the Bangladeshi reflects a different world; the Western technocivilization project, to the Bengali, is needlessly complex and accurate. Some of the language in essay books is as creative and florid as it is superfluous, so its blanket condemnation as ‘waffle’ would be narrow minded and overly utilitarian. Just as surely as they shape the English of the next generation of Bangladeshis, essay books communicate the worldviews of the previous one. A collection of essay books of various vintages would reward the socio-linguist. The modifications made by Bengalis to texts originally written by English native speakers could provide a rich resource of information from which to observe a fusion of two cultures. The devoted visitor to Bangladesh will know of her people’s ability to sing about life, to experience it in a more visceral, less cerebral fashion than the typical Westerner. Whilst not easily captured in words at all, older rather than more modern English is certainly better suited for the task. It came into my sight that many other big and small birds were singing to greet the spring morning; with that melodious sound was mixing the rhythmic beats of the coconut leaves 73 74 p.? (Essay? , Punctuality), Chowdhury Hossain p. 90 (Essay 16, My Village), Zakir 75 In Bengali, quite a lot of words have two or more common spellings, just as they used to in English in centuries past. Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 19 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com that were blithely quivering in the air. I realized the truth that spontaneity has a specific rhythm and rhyme of its own, and that natural emotion has a normal playful pace, though it behaves like a wayward butterfly flying in a not-so- strong whirlwind. I realized that it is a pleasure to sing out in unison with nature’s concert. I was beyond myself with ecstatic feeling. I was only moving my eyes around, spell-bound, New sight adorned the environment all around. There was a jovial vivacity in the eyes. I saw that innumerable bees were sharing amorous hugs with thousands of wild flowers. Will they only gather honey today? No. Perhaps some purposeless merry-making tickled them much during that golden morning. 76 Amidst the poorly printed, inaccurately copied pages of Bangladeshi essay books lurk thoughts that are unusual, even fey to the Western mind. The English essay books of Bangladesh can never be fully understood in Western terms, and such a claim would be unworthy. Like the Banglish language itself, they have become a law unto themselves. 76 pp. 188 (Essay, A Spring Morning), Zakir Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0 20 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Bibliography 1. The Status of Teaching and Learning English in Bangladesh, Zakir Hussain 2. A Handbook of Paragraph Writing, Jaharul Islam, Aligraph Library, Dhaka, 2000. 3. Selected Essays for Stedents of Degree (Pass and Subsidiary) O Level, Intermediate and BCS Exams (S. M. Zakir), 4th Edition, September 2003, Gyankosh Prokashoni, Dhaka 4. Selected Essays for Advanced Learners (Md. Safiur Rahman), 2nd Edition, October 2004, Rohel Publications, Dhaka. 5. Computer 300 Words Compositions, Letters Unseens for classes IX-X (M. Shahidul Islam), Revised Edition, January 2004, Mizan Library, Dhaka 6. Essential Essay Letter Application Paragraph (M. A. Mannan), Mousumi Prokahoni, Dhaka 7. A Potential Communicative English Grammar Composition for Classes-IX X (Md. Khalil Ullah), 5th Edition, March 2005, Shupti Prokashoni, Dhaka 8. My Essays and letters, with Paragraph Writing Comprehension 250 Words, (P. C. Bhattacharyya Md. Nurul Hoque), Revised and Enlarged New Edition, Students’ Library, Barisal Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 21 Jan 2006 Robin Upton http:// www. RobinUpton. com Appendix: Some Essays From Bangladeshi Essay Books A Spring Morning 77 Normally, I do not become much astonished or thrilled at anything when I get up from bed, get tickled by no extraordinary emotional appeal. Because as soon as I rise up, I loose my dreams; even the remotest feeling of dreams wither away at the presance of too much consciousness. But as soon as I woke up the o ther morning, I was startled. what an extraordinary feeling! Though I woke up, my dreams, as it Were, were not gone. Various birds were chittering all around, doves were cooing, cuckoos calling from amidst undetectably covered branches of trees. New leaves were visible suring the winter. There was a smell of warmth in the air. Something seemed to have touched my heart, my dreams, my imagination. I breathed out spontaneously: O, what is this? Mysterious

Domestic Violence Topics For An Essay

Domestic Violence Topics For An EssayThere are many domestic violence topics for an essay. You must decide what is most important to you and write about it in your essay.First decide what the topic is, then look for the books and the websites that talk about that topic and follow the steps to start writing the possible strategies to make it work. You can also use your own experiences if possible. Take into account all of the information and not just a few aspects.I found that the main topics to write about were things such as: abuse of women, children, physical and emotional abuse. These topics are easier to write about because they are real life experiences. The reason why this is true is because we can see how the subject is being lived through by the people who have experienced it. It is like having a mirror of sorts to reflect on.Once you have decided what the topic is, you can look at the ideas that you have, but I would advise you to explore your ideas and come up with more ide as so that you do not only think about one idea. You may have a whole lot of ideas that you cannot even fit into your essay.If you want to write an essay about domestic violence, be very careful about which topic you choose to write about. Of course, the topic that you choose must relate to the topic that you chose. If the topic does not relate to your topic, you might as well not have written the essay.When you are writing an essay on domestic violence, be aware that the title of the essay is the main attraction. While your topic may be very important, the title should be secondary to your topic.When youare writing your topic and the title, remember that you need to make sure that it is clear and easy to understand. It is not good enough to just say something; it must be spoken in an audible way that the reader will understand and be able to relate to. Remember that you are trying to sell your essay.When you are writing a topic for an essay on domestic violence, remember that the t opic is only secondary to the main idea of the essay. So when writing the topic, remember that it is simply for an introduction to your topic. You need to sell the idea, not the topic.